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Lesson eight. Subject: The Polish alphabet. Verbs – continued
Correct forms are:
Correct forms of a number plus a masculine-personal noun are:
Correct forms of a number plus a masculine (non-personal) noun are:
Correct forms of a number plus a neuter noun are:
Correct forms of a number plus a feminine noun are:
Correct forms of an adjective plus a substantive are:
You should continue only if you have done all the exercises well.
A | a | Ę | ę | L | el | P | pe | V | we, fał |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ą | ą | F | ef | Ł | eł | Q | ku | W | wu |
B | be | G | gie | M | em | R | er | X | iks |
C | ce | H | ha | N | en | S | es | Y | y, igrek |
Ć | cie | I | i | Ń | eń | Ś | eś | Z | zet |
D | de | J | jot | O | o | T | te | Ź | ziet |
E | e | K | ka | Ó | u z kreską | U | u | Ż | żet |
Remember the terms: kreska ‘stroke, line, dash’ (diminutive kreseczka), kropka ‘dot, point’.
. | kropka | full stop |
---|---|---|
, | przecinek | comma |
; | średnik | semicolon |
: | dwukropek | colon |
… | wielokropek | dots |
- | myślnik | dash |
! | wykrzyknik | exclamation mark |
? | pytajnik, znak zapytania | question mark |
() | nawias | parenthesis, brackets |
„ ” | cudzysłów | quotation marks |
Nawias, cudzysłów are used in singular in today’s Polish – the plural forms nawiasy, cudzysłowy mean ‘various sorts of brackets / quotation marks’ rather. See that marks for “quote” and “unquote” differ in Polish punctuation system. Slash (/ – Pol. ukośnik) and apostrophe (’ – Pol. apostrof) are used in Polish only in some special situations.
Each of Polish verbs has a feature called aspect – it can be either imperfective or perfective. Because the aspect is not known in Germanic or Romance languages, I imagine mastering it is a very hard task for learners of Polish. I will try to help in it.
First you must know – all imperfective verbs have present forms. The Polish Present Tense of imperfective verbs corresponds to both Present Simple and Present Continuous Tenses in English.
Perfective verbs, contrary to imperfective ones, never have present meaning. Their form, corresponding to the Present Tense of imperfective verbs, has future meaning and it is called Simple Future Tense. I have added the dk. abbreviation to each perfective verb in the vocabulary.
In most instances, we can arrange pairs imperfective – perfective for Polish verbs. For example, dawać is imperfective and dać is its perfective counterparts. Unfortunately, there are not any simple rules for building the perfective verb of an imperfective or inversely. Notice that verbs brać and wziąć, even if completely dissimilar, build a strict aspectual pair (imperfective – perfective).
Anyway, daje (of dawać) means ‘he / she / it gives’ and da means ‘he / she / it will give’. Similarly, bierze means ‘he is taking’ and weźmie means ‘he will take’. So much you should know this time.
Let’s agree me to write “the Present Tense” for both the true Present Tense and the Simple Future Tense – they are formally identical. All what you will learn about forms of the Present Tense, concerns to the Simple Future as well.
It is very simple if you know the form of the 3rd person. All you need is to add the ending -sz in singular (exception: jesteś ‘you are’) and -cie in plural. Remember that you may use both forms only towards a close friend (do you remember the rules of using cześć?).
Examples:
infinitive | 3rd sg. | 2nd sg. | 2nd pl. | meaning |
brać | bierze | bierzesz | bierzecie | you are taking |
być | jest | jesteś | jesteście | you are |
chcieć | chce | chcesz | chcecie | you want |
dawać | daje | dajesz | dajecie | you are giving |
iść | idzie | idziesz | idziecie | you are going |
kłamać | kłamie | kłamiesz | kłamiecie | you are telling lies |
leżeć | leży | leżysz | leżycie | you are lying (in bed) |
lubić | lubi | lubisz | lubicie | you like |
mieć | ma | masz | macie | you have (got) |
móc | może | możesz | możecie | you can, you may |
patrzeć | patrzy | patrzysz | patrzycie | you are looking |
robić | robi | robisz | robicie | you are doing |
siedzieć | siedzi | siedzisz | siedzicie | you are sitting |
skakać | skacze | skaczesz | skaczecie | you are jumping |
słuchać | słucha | słuchasz | słuchacie | you are listening |
stać | stoi | stoisz | stoicie | you are standing |
stawać | staje | stajesz | stajecie | you are stopping |
śnić | śni | śnisz | śnicie | you are dreaming |
wiedzieć | wie | wiesz | wiecie | you know |
Pay your attention on the verb być – it has irregular endings. Remember the new words: iść, kłamać, leżeć, siedzieć. Now please give the form of 2nd singular and plural of bić, dać, drwić, kłuć, kpić, kuć, myć, pędzić, przedstawiać, ryć, siąść (3rd.sg. siądzie), sikać, wabić, wziąć (3rd.sg. weźmie), zamarzać.
As you have already known, the Future Tense of perfective verbs looks just like the Present Tense of imperfective verbs. There are no simple future forms for imperfective verbs (there are complex ones, you will learn them later). However, there is one (imperfective) verb that has both the Present Tense and the Future Tense – być ‘to be’. Both are irregular. The Present form is, as you have already learn, jest (2 sg. jesteś, 2 pl. jesteście). The Future form is będzie (2 sg. będziesz, 2 pl. będziecie).
The form of the Past Tense depends not only on person and number but also on gender (contrary to the Present Tense). That is why robi could mean ‘he is doing’ as well as ‘she is doing’ while we have robił ‘he was doing’ and robiła ‘she was doing’.
The rule of making the 3rd sg. of the Past Tense is simple: take the Infinitive, cut off the ending -ć, add -ł for ‘he’, -ła for ‘she’, -ło for ‘it’. We have 2 forms in 3rd plural – masculine-personal (-li) and non-masculine-personal (-ły). Present forms have nothing to do with past ones. Examples:
Infinitive | the Past Tense | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||||
masculine | neuter | feminine | m-p. | n-m-p. | |
brać | brał | brało | brała | brali | brały |
być | był | było | była | byli | były |
chcieć | chciał | chciało | chciała | chcieli | chciały |
iść | szedł | szło | szła | szli | szły |
kłamać | kłamał | kłamało | kłamała | kłamali | kłamały |
kuć | kuł | kuło | kuła | kuli | kuły |
leżeć | leżał | leżało | leżała | leżeli | leżały |
móc | mógł | mogło | mogła | mogli | mogły |
robić | robił | robiło | robiła | robili | robiły |
siąść | siadł | siadło | siadła | siedli | siadły |
wziąć | wziął | wzięło | wzięła | wzięli | wzięły |
(m-p. = masculine-personal, n-m-p. = non-masculine-personal)
You must remember the Past Tense of verbs in ~c, ~ść – they all are irregular (fortunately, they are not very numerous). Compare iść : szedł, made from different roots, with English go : went. Besides, notice regular alternations:
Remember their schemes:
Do you remember of the pronunciation of ą, ę before l, ł? You should read [wźoł], [wźeło] etc.
Other alternations, like mógł : mogło, are less regular. The alternations szedł : szło as well as siąść : siadł are highly irregular and you must remember them.
The Past Tense may be formed for all verbs, both imperfective or perfective. The imperfective Past Tense often corresponds to the Past Continuous Tense in English while the perfective one – to the Past Simple. Examples:
Now, give past forms of bić, dać, dawać, drwić, kłuć, kpić, leżeć, lubić, mieć, myć, pędzić, przedstawiać, ryć, siedzieć, sikać, skakać, słuchać, stać, stawać, śnić, wabić, wiedzieć, zamarzać.
The Polish verb has two stems: one for the Present (or Future) Tense, the other for the Past Tense. The basic form listed in dictionaries, the Infinitive, is made from the past stem. Verbs belong to several classes, depending on their present and past stems. Many new Polish dictionaries use a uniform system of class symbols, so I will present it for you.
Here are some classes of the verb:
Class symbol | Infinitive ending | Endings of 3rd sg. | Example | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past | |||
I | -ać | -a | -ał | słuchać, słucha, słuchał |
VI a | -ić | -i | -ił | lubić, lubi, lubił |
VII a | -eć | -i | -ał | siedzieć, siedzi, siedział |
VII b | -eć | -y | -ał | leżeć, leży, leżał |
IX | -ać, -wać | -e | -ał | brać, bierze, brał |
-e | -ał | kłamać, kłamie, kłamał | ||
-je | -wał | dawać, daje, dawał | ||
X a | -ć | -je | -ł | bić, bije, bił |
kłuć, kłuje, kłuł | ||||
myć, myje, mył | ||||
X c | -ąć | -mie | -ął | wziąć, weźmie, wziął |
XI | -c, -ść | -że | -gł | móc, może, mógł |
-dzie | -dł | siąść, siądzie, siadł |
There are verbs having alternative forms so they can belong to two classes in the same time. You know the verb patrzeć ‘to look’. It should belong to the class VII b and its past form should be patrzał, patrzało, patrzała, patrzeli, patrzały. However, these forms are a little bit bookish now; in today’s language this verb uses past forms of the class VI b rather: patrzył, patrzyło, patrzyła, patrzyli, patrzyli. Please remember this word.
You will learn later about the remaining classes. Notice that some verbs do not belong to any of the classes. They are e.g. być, chcieć, dać, iść, mieć, stać, wiedzieć, even if some of them seem to be regular this time (dać).
Find 10 Polish words which appear first in this lesson. The list of these words is given in the next lesson.
U | L | T | O | R | D | E | M | A |
Z | N | A | K | A | L | O | K | I |
D | A | K | R | Y | F | P | P | K |
A | W | R | E | Ś | O | D | R | I |
K | I | U | S | R | R | U | Z | N |
W | A | S | K | U | T | R | E | D |
O | S | T | A | R | S | I | C | E |
T | Ł | E | W | I | O | C | I | R |
E | G | W | Y | D | P | P | N | Ś |
M | I | A | L | F | A | B | E | T |
P | Y | T | A | J | N | I | K | K |
Please repeat the material until you are sure you can do all what you should.
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